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[hal-04694112] A conceptual framework for landscape-based environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pesticides
While pesticide use is subject to strict regulatory oversight worldwide, it remains a main concern for environmental protection, including biodiversity conservation. This is partly due to the current regulatory approach that relies on separate assessments for each single pesticide, crop use, and non-target organism group at local scales. Such assessments tend to overlook the combined effects of overall pesticide usage at larger spatial scales. Integrative landscape-based approaches are emerging, enabling the consideration of agricultural management, the environmental characteristics, and the combined effects of pesticides applied in a same or in different crops within an area. These developments offer the opportunity to deliver informative risk predictions relevant for different decision contexts including their connection to larger spatial scales and to combine environmental risks of pesticides, with those from other environmental stressors. We discuss the needs, challenges, opportunities and available tools for implementing landscape-based approaches for prospective and retrospective pesticide Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA). A set of “building blocks” that emerged from the discussions have been integrated into a conceptual framework. The framework includes elements to facilitate its implementation, in particular: flexibility to address the needs of relevant users and stakeholders; means to address the inherent complexity of environmental systems; connections to make use of and integrate data derived from monitoring programs; and options for validation and approaches to facilitate future use in a regulatory context. The conceptual model can be applied to existing ERA methodologies, facilitating its comparability, and highlighting interoperability drivers at landscape level. The benefits of landscape-based pesticide ERA extend beyond regulation. Linking and validating risk predictions with relevant environmental impacts under a solid science-based approach will support the setting of protection goals and the formulation of sustainable agricultural strategies. Moreover, landscape ERA offers a communication tool on realistic pesticide impacts in a multistressors environment for stakeholders and citizens
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jose Tarazona) 11 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04694112v1
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[hal-04626418] Suivi de terrain et à long terme de l’épandage répété de produits résiduaires organiques sur la contamination d’un sol agricole en contaminants traces organiques en contexte tropical
L’utilisation de produits résiduaires organiques (PRO) tels que les boues de station d’épuration, fumiers, lisiers, digestats ou composts, comme substitution aux fertilisants azotés ou phosphorés conventionnels permet de valoriser ces matières dans une logique d’économie circulaire et participe à la réduction des coûts environnementaux et économiques liés aux intrants de synthèse. Cependant, les PRO peuvent contenir une grande diversité de contaminants traces organiques (CTO). Ces CTO appartiennent à différents groupes, comme les polluants organiques persistants (POP), les contaminants organiques émergents (COE) ou encore les produits pharmaceutiques et de soins personnels (PPCP). Le devenir dans les sols de ces contaminants a principalement été étudié dans un contexte de climat tempéré, mais peu ou pas de données sont disponibles sur leur devenir dans un contexte tropical 1,2. Or, le type de sol et ses propriétés, les précipitations et la température, en plus des caractéristiques intrinsèques du contaminant et du PRO jouent un rôle majeur dans leur devenir 3,4. Sur le site du SOERE PRO (Systèmes d'Observation et d'Expérimentation au long terme pour la Recherche en Environnement) de La Réunion, 123 CTO ont été suivis dans les PRO et les sols pendant 8 années de culture de canne à sucre afin de quantifier au champ les flux entrants et leur potentielle accumulation dans les sols. Nos hypothèses sont les suivantes : (i) le temps de dissipation apparent des CTO est plus court en condition tropicales ; (ii) la contamination préexistante à la mise en place de cet essai au champ est principalement marquée par la présence de POP, caractérisés par un faible taux de dissipation, (iii) les flux de PPCP et de COE via les PRO sont plus importants que pour les POP car une partie des POP sont maintenant interdits ou leurs usages sont encadrés, (iv) la typologie des contaminants varie en fonction du type de PRO. Des flux importants de POP et de COE sont observés pour certains composés ou certaines familles de composés mais il n’y a peu ou pas d’accumulation dans les sols. Seuls certains retardateurs de flamme, les polybromodiphényléthers s’accumulent de manière significative dans les sols sur lesquels des boues de station d’épuration sont épandues. Concernant les PPCP, seules les quatre premières années d’analyses sont disponibles. Alors que ces composés étaient totalement absents des sols à T0, certains d’entre eux sont détectés après 1 à 4 épandages selon les modalités (e.g. la ciprofloxacine et la doxycycline).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antoine Spaudo) 26 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04626418v1
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[hal-04735564] Phytotoxicité en contexte de multicontamination diffuse du sol : 15 ans de recherche sur un outil basé sur la mesure de phytodisponibilité.
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Matthieu N. Bravin) 14 Oct 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04735564v1
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[hal-04684163] What risk does crop irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater represent with respect to the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to humans?
Background and Aim: Climate change associated water stress in the dry southern regions of Europe, Australia and the US South West is threatening food security. In this context, irrigation of crop ground with effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants is a practice that is become more widely adopted. Sewage effluents can contain pharmaceuticals, other micropollutants, and enteric bacteria including those that carry antibiotic resistance genes. The European Commission has recently set standards for the quality of effluents to be used in crop production with the abundance of viable E. coli as the only microbiological endpoint of concern. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/minimum-requirements-water-reuse- guidelines_en. There is currently no provision for including risk of AMR transmission in the standards. Therefore, the key aim of the work to be done here is to provide policy makers with evidence concerning what risk this practice might represent from the perspective of AMR transmission, and options for managing transmission risk.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Edward Topp) 02 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04684163v2
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[hal-04625683] Searching for pedotransfer functions to predict sorption ofpharmaceuticals from soil properties
In the context of recycling organic waste products or irrigation by treated wastewaters (re-use), the fate of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils and consequent ground-water contamination are influenced by many factors, including soil properties controlling sorption and dissipation processes (Verlicchi et al., 2015, Mejías et al., 2021, Rietra et al., 2022). Sorption coefficients are among the most sensitive parameters in models used for risk assessment. However, for different classes of pharmaceuticals, the variations in sorption among different soil types are poorly described and understood (Kodesova et al., 2015). Here we reviewed sorption parameters for different classes of pharmaceuticals and their variation with selected soil properties. We also evaluated the sorption isotherms for three pharmaceuticals, ofloxacin, tetracycline, diclofenac and a bactericide, riclocarban and ten soils from temperate and tropical regions, and assessed the impact of soil properties on Freundlich equation parameters Kf and n. Batch experiments were set up adapting OECD protocol and using initial concentration ranges from 5 to 1000 μg/L. For strongly sorbed molecules, namely ofloxacin, tetracycline and triclocarban, there were strong technical constraints for the quantification of equilibrium concentrations by LC-MS-MS. We used this knowledge from both literature review and experimental data to build pedotransfer functions that allow predicting sorption parameters for a wide range of soils. Sorption of ionizable pharmaceuticals was, in many cases, highly affected by soil pH and CEC whereas soil organic matter content remained a driving factor of sorption for neutral molecular forms.References:Kodesova, R., et al. (2015) Science of the Total Environment 511, 435–443.Mejías, C. et al. (2021) Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 30, e00125.Rietra, R.P.P.J., et al. (2024) Heliyon 10 (2024) e23718.Verlicchi, P. & Zambello, E., (2015) Science of The Total Environment 538, 750–767
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Charline Godard) 26 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04625683v1
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[hal-04625746] Looking for available data on the fate and ecotoxicological effects of perfluoroalkylated (PFAS) compounds in terrestrial ecosystems
Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) form a family of over 4000 molecules used in a wide range of industrial, agricultural and domestic applications. Most of these substances are toxic, persistent in the environment and bioaccumulative. Soil plays a key role in the fate of these molecules, delaying their arrival in aquifers but also leading them to be absorbed by the organisms living there. However, the fate and ecotoxicological effects of the vast majority of these compounds in terrestrial ecosystems are poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this work was to review the fate (mobility, persistence) of PFAS in soils and their effects on terrestrial organisms. Two main queries focused on “fate” and “effects” were defined: they included several keywords related to PFAS, soil, sorption, mobility persistence, degradation, invertebrates, microorganisms, plants, etc. The literature search was done in the Web of ScienceTM. A total of 875 papers was obtained. Two hundred and eighty-nine different PFAS were studied in these papers, belonging to two categories: the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) and their precursors. The most encountered chemical families were perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and perflurooctane sulfonic acids (PFSA). Among the 875 papers, 235 allowed to get data related to the fate of PFAS in soils while only 40 papers contained data related to their ecotoxicological effects. We then looked for endpoints such as sorption coefficients (Kd, Kf, Koc), degradation half-life (DT50), median effective concentration (EC50), median lethal concentration (LC50) and bioconcentration factor (BSAF, BAF). Overall, the number of available data was low. Significantly more data were found for sorption than for degradation. Regarding the ecotoxicity, most of the results focused on the model species of earthworm Eisenia fetida and were related to LC50 and bioconcentration. We identified a critical need for more research to characterize the fate of PFAS in soils and their effects on terrestrial organisms. This work is part of the IPANEMA (Impacts of PFAS: fate and ecotoxicity of mixtures) project funded by ADEME.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Chloe Doron) 26 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04625746v1
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[hal-04726550] TRAVERSéES : Diversité de leviers territoriaux et trajectoires de transition des usages des pesticides
L'objectif du projet TRAVERSéES est de travailler sur des trajectoires de réduction d'usage des pesticides en réponse à divers leviers territoriaux. Pour cela, nous avons entrepris (1) une analyse de facteurs écologiques, économiques, sociaux, institutionnels et individuels de changement des pratiques phytosanitaires, qui a nourri (2) le développement d'un modèle du socio-écosystème simulant des trajectoires de pratiques dans les territoires, qui a lui-même servi d'outil d'animation pour (3) un travail de prospective avec différents acteurs du territoire du Barrois (Grand-Est). Des méthodes variées et un partenariat transdisciplinaire ont nourri ce projet. Les travaux révèlent une multiplicité de facteurs considérés par les agriculteurs associée à une diversité de niveaux de sensibilité à ces facteurs. Le projet a permis de faire émerger des propositions d'actions territoriales variées et originales.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Corinne Robert) 08 Oct 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04726550v1
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[hal-04762247] Tour d'horizon des contaminants présents dans les sols agricoles
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 31 Oct 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04762247v1
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[hal-04336549] Présentation du Réseau Imagerie des Sols
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 11 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04336549v1
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[hal-04336509] Contaminants organiques et impacts sur la qualité des sols
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 11 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04336509v1
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[hal-04334634] Future challenges for using in silico molecular typology for risk assessment of pesticides metabolites - the example of Typol
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 11 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04334634v1
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[hal-04336520] Flux et devenir de contaminants organiques liés aux apports de produits résiduaires organiques : quels impacts sur la qualité des sols ?
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 11 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04336520v1
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[hal-04475649] Transferts de médicaments et biocides par les épandages de boues urbaines et de lisiers : premiers résultats du projet Télesphore
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Noémie Pernin) 23 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04475649v1
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[hal-04173298] Identification et écotoxicité des produits de transformation des pesticides dans les milieux aquatiques
Une fois appliquées pour protéger les cultures, les substances actives de pesticides sont soumises à divers processus biotiques et abiotiques qui gouvernent leur devenir et leur transfert dans les différents compartiments de l’environnement (sol, eau, air). Les pesticides peuvent s’y dégrader en produits de transformation (TP), et les processus de dégradation et de transfert des TP sont variables dans le temps et l’espace, en fonction de la période d’application de la molécule mère, de ses caractéristiques et des conditions physico-chimiques du milieu. Les TP, bien que peu recherchés, sont potentiellement très nombreux [1], et présents à faibles teneurs dans les milieux aquatiques. L’écotoxicité des TP est encore peu étudiée, mais diverses études indiquent qu’ils peuvent avoir un potentiel écotoxique différent de la substance active mère [2]. A ce jour, bien que l’importance des TP du point de vue toxicologique, écotoxicologique ou environnemental soit régulièrement mise en avant, seuls quelques TP sont bien identifiés [1]. Il apparait donc un besoin d’améliorer les connaissances sur les processus de formation de ces TP, leur devenir, voire leurs effets dans l’environnement et les prendre en compte dans des modèles, notamment ceux utilisés dans des approches réglementaires [3]. Dans ce contexte, le projet TAPIOCA, co-financé par l’Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB) dans le cadre de l’APR Ecophyto II+ « Santé écosystèmes », poursuit trois objectifs complémentaires : i) mettre au point des méthodes analytiques sensibles pour la recherche et l’identification de TP de pesticides dans les milieux aquatiques afin de mieux caractériser leur occurrence ; ii) améliorer les connaissances sur les effets d’une sélection de pesticides et de TP associés, sur les communautés microbiennes et les macroinvertébrés aquatiques ; et iii) tester l’apport d’outils de prédiction des propriétés de dissipation et de transferts hydriques de TP de pesticides pour mieux cerner leur potentiel de présence dans les milieux naturels (sol, nappe superficielle, cours d’eau) en petits bassins agricoles. Nous présentons ici quelques résultats marquants du projet, associant des approches analytiques, écotoxicologiques et de modélisation, pour améliorer la caractérisation des niveaux d’exposition chronique aux TP de pesticides sélectionnés (le fongicide tébuconazole, l’insecticide fénoxycarbe et l’herbicide terbuthylazine), et des effets biologiques associés pour différents organismes aquatiques non-cibles (communautés microbiennes, macroinvertébrés). Des listes étendues de TP potentiellement formés dans l’environnement ont été construites à partir de la bibliographie et de logiciels de prédiction (ex. pour le tébuconazole avec 291 TP uniques, [4]). Des analyses « suspectées » par chromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (LC-HRMS) ont été mises en œuvre, en s’appuyant sur ces listes, pour identifier des TP présents dans des échantillons prélevés in situ. L’apport de la chromatographie bidimensionnelle 2D-LC-HRMS a également été évalué pour améliorer l’identification des TP dans les matrices environnementales. Des expérimentations en microcosmes avec des organismes aquatiques (périphyton, communautés microbiennes d’hyphomycètes ou gammares) ont permis d’évaluer les effets de plusieurs scénarios d’exposition aux pesticides et TP associés sur différents descripteurs biologiques. Les premiers résultats montrent globalement une toxicité moindre des TP comparativement aux trois molécules mères sur les organismes étudiés. Le croisement des résultats issus des différentes échelles d’études (laboratoire, terrain) et des approches expérimentales et de modélisation apporte des informations précieuses pour améliorer les niveaux de connaissances sur la présence et les effets écotoxiques des produits de transformation de contaminants organiques encore très méconnus.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Margoum) 28 Jul 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04173298v1
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[hal-04029726] Is a dissipation half-life of 5 years for chlordecone in soils of the French West Indies relevant?
Recently, Comte et al. (2022) re-examined the natural degradation of chlordecone (CLD) in the soils of the French West Indies (FWI) by introducing an additional ‘dissipation parameter’ into the WISORCH model developed by Cabidoche et al. (2009). Recent data sets of CLD concentrations in FWI soils obtained by Comte et al. enabled them optimizing the model parameters, resulting in significantly shorter estimates of pollution persistence than in the original model. Their conclusions jeopardize the paradigm of a very limited degradation of CLD in FWI soils, which may lead to an entire revision of the management of CLD contamination. However, we believe that their study is questionable on several important aspects. This includes potential biases in the data sets and in the modeling approach. It results in an inconsistency between the estimated dissipation half-life time (DT50) of five years that the authors determined for CLD and the fate of CLD in soil from the application period 1972–1993 until nowadays. Most importantly, a rapid dissipation of CLD in the field as proposed by Comte et al. is not sufficiently supported by data and estimates. Hence, the paradigm of long-term persistence of CLD in FWI soils is still to be considered.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre-Loïc Saaidi) 13 Apr 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04029726v1
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[hal-04198580] Assessing the multiple effects of dissolved organic matter on the transport of organic pollutants in subsoil horizons through a modular modeling approach
The role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the transport of trace organic pollutants through the soil profile remains controversial. Several studies reported enhanced transport for nonpolar pesticides and other pollutants such as pharmaceuticals (e.g., Borgman & Chefetz 2013). It is generally hypothesized that DOM modifies the sorption properties of the contaminants through cosorption and/or cumulative sorption (Totsche et al. 1997). Co-transport with DOM can also enhance the mobility of pollutants (Chabauty et al. 2016). Other authors reported little effect of DOM on both sorption or desorption of herbicides (e.g., Barriuso et al. 2011). To help elucidating the multiple roles of DOM, we developed the PolDOC model implemented in the VSoil modeling platform of INRAE. We took advantage of the modularity of the platform to couple available 1D water flow and solute transport models with novel reactivity modules for organic pollutants and DOM. Indeed, sink/source terms in the transport equation have been used to calculate the interactions between pollutants, DOM and the soil solid phase.The model was designed to simulate the transport of organic pollutants in intact soil cores sampled in the Bt horizon of a cultivated Albeluvisol to which either a synthetic soil solution without DOM (SYNTH), a soil solution extracted from the top horizon (CONTROL) or a soil solution extracted from the top horizon of a neighbour plot receiving sewage sludge and green waste compost (SGW) were applied (Chabauty et al., 2016). In PolDOC, the organic pollutants can be transported either free or associated with DOM. To describe the multiple roles of DOM in the transport of organic pollutants we first simplified the wide spectrum of organic molecules which constitute DOM and distinguished two types of DOM with different reactivity: DOMBt produced by depolymerization of the organic matter in the Bt soil horizon, and DOMSURF, produced by depolymerization of the organic matter of the surface horizon.The model was used to simulate the transport of both DOM types and three different organic pollutants: isoproturon (ISO), a mobile herbicide, epoxiconazole (EPX), a moderately mobile fungicide and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a mobile antibiotic. Since pollutants are applied at the soil surface, we considered that organic pollutants will be more prone to interact with DOMSURF, which is rich in phenolic compounds. Physical nonequilibrium transport conditions were identified and quantified with PolDOC. Model showed that the Bt horizon acted as a sink to partly retain DOMSURF. While differences in ISO and SMX transport could be explained by different sorption reactivity with the soil solid phase, the increased leaching of EPX in presence of DOMSURF required the activation of co-transport with DOMSURF.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 07 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04198580v1
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[hal-04334105] Pesticide fate in soils
Pesticide molecules in soils undergo different processes of biological, physical and physico-chemical origin, and occurring over different time (minutes to decades) and spatial (nm to km) scales. Pesticides are represented by a diversity of molecules having contrasting physico-chemical properties inducing various kinds of behavior in terms of persistence, sorption, transport with the potential for contamination of water, uptake by plants, and possible impacts on soil biota and microbial processes. This chapter proposes an update of current available knowledge on the main processes and current state of the art of knowledge integration in pesticide fate models at the plot and watershed scales for environmental risk assessment.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 10 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04334105v1
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[hal-03618524] Transformation of PPCPs in the environment: Review of knowledge and classification of pathways according to parent molecule structures
Reviewing the transformation pathways and analyzing the reactions undergone according to the matrices and the parent compound chemical structures may help to progress in our understanding of transformation processes of PPCPs. Of the 199 parent molecules initially targeted, 42% had no information on their transformation products (TPs). The transformation of the remaining 116 PPCPs led to 1371 TPs formed by biotic (630), abiotic (568), and both biotic and abiotic (61) reactions in natural (solid waste, natural waters, soils, WWTP effluents, sediments) and/or synthetic matrices. For a small number of TPs (112) no information was found on the conditions of their formation. Eleven main transformation reactions (hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, cleavage, hydrolysis, dealkylation, oxygenation, dehalogenation, other eliminations, other substitutions, addition and rearrangement) were considered to describe the TPs dataset, that ended up with 3230 individual reactions (one TP can result from several successive reactions). Hydroxylation was the major reaction occurring at 28% followed by dehydrogenation (13%), then cleavage (11%). A majority of studies were performed in synthetic media whereas knowledge on transformation reactions in environmental matrices is very heterogeneous with less information on soils and sediments. Finally, we aimed at assessing the relationship between the transformation reactions and the chemical structures of the parent molecules using 1178 molecular fragments and molecular descriptors. Several clusters composed of sulfonamides, cyclines or macrolides showed trends between functional groups and reactions involved in the transformation pathways. Based on these data and results, some research needs were highlighted.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kévin Bonnot) 03 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03618524v1
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[hal-04087038] Transferts de résidus de médicaments et biocides liés aux épandages de produits résiduaires organiques (projet Telesphore, bassin versant de l’Arve)
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski) 02 May 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04087038v1
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[hal-04665732] Approche in silico pour analyser et prédire la transformation de contaminants organiques émergents dans l’environnement - Rapport final d'activités
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kévin Bonnot) 31 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04665732v1
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[hal-04665669] Reducing herbicide uses and losses in conservation agriculture – available knowledge and perspectives for weed control
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 31 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04665669v1
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[hal-03843198] Pharmaceuticals residues and biocides from biosolids and manure spread as fertilizers: first results after one year field study
The Telesphore project aims to identify and to quantify the transfers of pharmaceuticals residues and biocides and their related processes from biosolids and manure spread on grassland as fertilizers. Real land-spreading conditions were reproduced on six in-situ lysimeters and the pathway of pharmaceuticals and biocides was tracked by sampling infiltrated water and soil over one year. The study has focused on 32 pharmaceuticals, biocides and their transformation products, selected from their previous detection in several organic fertilizers. Six months after biosolids and manure spreading, the soil concentrations were in the range of nanograms per gram of soil and only few compounds were detected in infiltrated water. Ketoprofen was found to be the most mobile and persistent pharmaceutical compound after biosolids application whereas thiabendazole was the most frequently detected substance in infiltrated water after manure amendment.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Noémie Pernin) 08 Nov 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03843198v1
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[hal-04166908] Dynamique des contaminants organiques émergents au cours de la digestion anaérobie et dans les sols agricoles recevant des digestats
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Dominique Patureau) 20 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04166908v1
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[hal-03699215] Enhancement of the impact score assessment of micropollutants release from WWTP using predicted characterization factors
During wastewater treatment, incomplete elimination of micropollutants occurs: effluents released to the environment still contain a non-negligible part of these substances. Recently, the potential impacts on human health and aquatic environment of the release of some micropollutants have been studied. The high impacts were mainly due to the (eco)-toxicological potential of a few numbers of compounds, not to their mass emitted in the environment. Furthermore, the impact was estimated for less than 1/3 of the initial list of substances due to a lack of concentration and toxicological data. In the present communication, we used already developed machine learning models to complement these impact calculations. The conclusions were not modified for the impact on aquatic environment, but were different for the human health impact: the higher toxicological impact could be driven by a high-emitted mass, and a high number of compounds could take a significant part of the overall impact.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rémi Servien) 20 Jun 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03699215v1
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[hal-03562863] A multiresidue analytical method on air and rainwater for assessing pesticide atmospheric contamination in untreated areas
The use of pesticides in agriculture to protect crops against pests and diseases generates environmental contamination. The atmospheric compartment contributes to their dispersion at different distances from the application areas and to the exposure of organisms in untreated areas through dry and wet deposition. A multiresidue analytical method using the same TD–GC–MS analytical pipeline to quantify pesticide concentrations in both the atmosphere and rainwater was developed and tested in natura. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to identify the best compromise in extraction conditions for all 27 of the targeted molecules in rainwater. Extraction yields were above 80% except for the pyrethroid family, for which the recovery yields were around 40–59%. TD–GC–MS proved to be a good analytical solution to detect and quantify pesticides in both target matrices with low limits of quantification. Twelve pesticides (six fungicides, five herbicides and one insecticide) were quantified in rainwater at concentrations ranging from 0.5 ng·L−1 to 170 ng·L−1 with a seasonal effect, and a correlation was found between the concentrations in rainwater and air. The calculated cumulative wet deposition rates are discussed regarding pesticide concentrations in the topsoil in untreated areas for some of the studied compounds.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Céline Décuq) 23 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-03562863v1
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[hal-04166866] Effets d'apports répétés au champ de boues et de boues compostées sur les teneurs en résidus de médicaments dans les sols
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marjolaine Bourdat-Deschamps) 20 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04166866v1
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[hal-03346134] Improved impact assessment of micropollutants release from WWTPs
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rémi Servien) 06 Dec 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03346134v2
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[hal-04559000] TyPol - Typologie des Contaminants Organiques
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Dominique Patureau) 25 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04559000v1
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[hal-03776391] RePP'Air - Comprendre les mécanismes de transferts de produits phytosanitaires dans l'air pour une appropriation par la profession agricole.
Le projet RePP’Air vise à mieux appréhender les processus de transferts de produits phytosanitaires dans l'air via la mise en place d'un réseau de 7 dispositifs de mesures sur des espaces agricoles français, associé à des enquêtes de pratiques agricoles sur chaque site. Après 4 années d’étude, le projet RePP’Air a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes influençant les transferts dans l’air, sensibiliser la profession, de façon à ce que le secteur agricole soit d’approprie ce sujet et les leviers d’actions existants pour limiter les risques de transfert. Des pistes de travail à approfondir ont également été identifiées. La richesse de ce projet réside aussi dans son partenariat inédit entre les acteurs agricoles, les acteurs de l’air, de la recherche agronomique et de l’enseignement agricole qui a permis d’avancer sur cette thématique d’intérêts partagés
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laëtitia Prevost) 13 Sep 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03776391v1
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[hal-03920181] Accuracy of Computational Chemistry Methods to Calculate Organic Contaminant Molecular Properties
The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) methodology has been developed and extensively used to predict unknown environmental data for compounds that have not been experimentally studied yet. QSAR is based on a large series of descriptors: such as the number of atoms, the number of bonds… (descriptive), or based on the 2D structure of the molecule (connectivity indices…) or on its 3D structure (dipole moment, polarizability…). Among them, quantum-based 3D descriptors appear as promising tools to predict macroscopic environmental properties. For a set of 104 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, four quantum-based 3D descriptors (electric dipole moment, polarizability, HOMO energy and ionization potential) were calculated using different computational chemistry strategies involving a conformational search followed by local quenches within three different frameworks: density functional theory (DFT), semi-empirical Austin Model 1 (AM1) approach, and density functional based tight binding (DFTB). Comparing the results obtained using each framework highlights the necessity of a comprehensive conformational search and the use of an accurate potential for the local quenches. Using the combination of a global exploration through molecular dynamics with local quenches at B3LYP/6-31G* (DFT) allows the calculation of accurate and tractable quantum-based 3D descriptors.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kevin Bonnot) 03 Jan 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03920181v1
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[hal-03216922] Correction to: How effective are strategies to control the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment? A systematic review (vol 9, 4, 2020)
Correction to: Environ Evid (2020) 9:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-020-0187-xFollowing publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that the Additional file 10 is a duplicate of the additional file 8. The correct Additional file 10 has been attached in this correction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anais Goulas) 04 May 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03216922v1
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[hal-03542417] Biodegradation by activated sludge and feedback impact on the microbial community: comparison of methotrexate and its eco-designed analogue
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anaïs Espinosa) 25 Jan 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03542417v1
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[hal-03499608] A review on organic micropollutants photodegradation process to develop a QSAR model
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maria C. Villarin) 21 Dec 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03499608v1
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[hal-04336582] Introduction du Workshop Imagerie des Sols
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 11 Dec 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04336582v1
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[hal-03303236] Modélisation intégrée du devenir des pesticides dans le paysage
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marc Voltz) 28 Jul 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03303236v1
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[hal-04334367] Les processus de transfert des pesticides dans les sols : déterminants et pistes d’actions
Les processus de transfert de molécules chimiques dans l’environnement sont étudiés par INRAE. Ces recherches visent à mieux comprendre les interactions entre les substances utilisées pour l’agriculture et le milieu (notamment le sol) et identifier les phénomènes les plus influents dans leur transfert vers les masses d’eau (parmi les nombreuses possibilités : propriétés du sol, des molécules, régime hydrologique, climat, …). Au-delà de l’enjeu de prédiction des flux de pesticides qui seront transférés, ces références peuvent se révéler utiles pour les animateurs de démarches de préservation de la qualité des captages d’eau potable. Un état des connaissances actuelles sur le devenir des molécules phytosanitaires dans le sol sera réalisé le 10 juin 2021 (11h) dans le cadre d’un webinaire organisé par le Centre de Ressources Captages piloté par l’OFB. Pourquoi certains produits phytosanitaires ont plus de risques de transiter vers les nappes ? Quelles pratiques agricoles sont favorables à la réduction des quantités de pesticides dans les eaux ? Pierre BENOIT, Directeur de Recherche à INRAE, présentera des résultats de travaux scientifiques sur les interactions entre molécules et sol pour contribuer à apporter une réponse à ces questions. Ce séminaire est principalement destiné aux animateurs d'aires d'alimentation de captages et plus généralement aux personnes intéressées par le devenir des produits phytosanitaires dans le sol.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 10 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04334367v1
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[hal-03266431] Les processus de transfert des pesticides dans les sols : déterminants et pistes d’actions
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 21 Jun 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03266431v1
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[hal-03266007] Review on PPCP transformation products in the environment: Towards a classification of transformation pathways based on the chemical structures of parent molecules
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kévin Bonnot) 21 Jun 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03266007v1
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[hal-03201288] Assessment of pesticide volatilization potential based on their molecular properties using the TyPol tool
Following treatment, amounts of pesticides can reach the atmosphere because of spray drift, volatilization from soil or plants, and/or wind erosion. Monitoring and risk assessment of air contamination by pesticides is a recent issue and more insights on pesticide transfer to atmosphere are needed. Thus, the objective of this work was to better understand and assess pesticide emission potentials to air through volatilization. The TyPol tool was used to explore the relationships between the global, soil and plant volatilization potentials of 178 pesticides, and their molecular properties. The outputs of TyPol were then compared to atmospheric pesticide concentrations monitored in various French regions. TyPol was able to discriminate pesticides that were observed in air from those that were not. Clustering considering parameters driving the emission potential from soil (sorption characteristics) or plant (lipophilic properties), in addition to vapor pressure, allowed better discrimination of the pesticides than clustering considering all parameters for the global emission potential. Pesticides with high volatilization potential have high total energy, and low molecular weight, molecular connectivity indices and polarizability. TyPol helped better understand the volatilization potentials of pesticides. It can be used as a first step to assess the risk of air contamination by pesticides.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laure Mamy) 09 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03201288v1
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[hal-02968489] Residues of currently used pesticides in soils and earthworms: A silent threat?
Critical knowledge gaps about environmental fate and unintentional effects of currently used pesticides (CUPs) hamper the understanding and mitigation of their global impacts on ecological processes. We investigated the exposure of earthworms to 31 multiclass CUPs in an arable landscape in France. We highlighted the presence of at least one pesticide in all soils (n=180) and 92% of earthworms (n=155) both in treated crops and nontreated habitats (hedgerows, grasslands, and cereals under organic farming). Mixtures of at least one insecticide, one herbicide, and one fungicide (> limit of quantification) contaminated 90% of soils and 54% of earthworms at levels that could endanger these nontarget beneficial soil organisms. A high risk of chronic toxicity to earthworms was found (46% of samples) both in treated winter cereals and nontreated habitats considered as refuges. This may alter biodiversity, hinder recovery, and impair ecosystem functions. These results provide essential insights for sustainable agriculture and CUP regulation, and highlight the potential of pesticides as agents of global change.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Céline Pelosi) 27 Nov 2020
https://hal.science/hal-02968489v1
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[hal-03108838] Adsorption and degradation of the herbicide nicosulfuron in a stagnic Luvisol and Vermic Umbrisol cultivated under conventional or conservation agriculture
The main goals of conservation agriculture are to enhance soil fertility and reduce soil degradation, especially through erosion. However, conservation agriculture practices can increase the risk of contamination by pesticides, mainly through vertical transfer via water flow. Better understanding of their sorption and degradation processes is thus needed in conservation agriculture as they control the amount of pesticide available for vertical transfer. The purpose of our study was to investigate the sorption and degradation processes of nicosulfuron in soil profiles (up to 90 cm deep) of a Vermic Umbrisol and a Stagnic Luvisol managed either in conventional or in conservation agriculture. Two laboratory sorption and incubation experiments were performed. Low sorption was observed regardless of the soil type, agricultural management or depth, with a maximum value of 1.3 +/- 2.0 L kg(-1). By the end of the experiment (91 days), nicosulfuron mineralisation in the Vermic Umbrisol was similar for the two types of agricultural management and rather depended on soil depth (29.0 +/- 2.3% in the 0-60-cm layers against 7.5 +/- 1.4% in the 60-90 cm). In the Stagnic Luvisol, nicosulfuron mineralisation reached similar value in every layer of the conservation agriculture plot (26.5% +/- 0.7%). On the conventional tillage plot, mineralisation decreased in the deepest layer (25-60 cm) reaching only 18.4 +/- 6.9% of the applied nicosulfuron. Regardless of the soil type or agricultural management, non-extractable residue formation was identified as the main dissipation process of nicosulfuron (45.1 +/- 8.5% and 50.2 +/- 7.0% under conventional and conservation agriculture respectively after 91 days). In our study, nicosulfuron behaved similarly in the Vermic Umbrisol regardless of the agricultural management, whereas the risk of transfer to groundwater seemed lower in the Stagnic Luvisol under conservation agriculture.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sixtine Cueff) 13 Jan 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03108838v1
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[hal-03355573] Photodégradation d’un anticancéreux en milieu aqueux
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anaïs Espinosa) 27 Sep 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03355573v1
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[hal-02886361] Environmental and human health issues related to long-term contamination by chlordecone in the French Caribbean
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 08 Oct 2020
https://hal.science/hal-02886361v1
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[hal-02935076] Water and pesticide transfers in undisturbed soil columns sampled from a Stagnic Luvisol and a Vermic Umbrisol both cultivated under conventional and conservation agriculture
The main goals of conservation agriculture are to enhance soil fertility and to reduce soil degradation especially through erosion. However, conservation agriculture practices can exhibit a higher risk of contamination through vertical flows. The objectives of this study were to (i) characterise water and pesticide transfers in two different soils both managed under conventional and conservation agriculture and (ii) assess the effects of pesticide properties, soil type and agricultural system on pesticide fate. We studied the behaviour of two herbicides (nicosulfuron and mesotrione) and a molluscicide (metaldehyde) in percolation experiments in undisturbed soil columns. A series of two rain events (one with a high, the other with a low intensity) separated by a two-day flow interruption was applied three days after the pesticides and bromide application. Batch sorption coefficients, K-d, were also measured. While the Pesticides Properties Data Base (2020) indicated a decrease of sorption in the order mesotrione > metaldehyde > nicosulfuron, the measured K-d, decreased in the order mesotrione (2.3 +/- 1.4 L.kg(-1)) > nicosulfuron (0.7 +/- 0.4 L.kg(-1)) > metaldehyde (0.1 +/- 0.1 L.kg(-1)). We highlighted distinct behaviour of pesticide leaching depending mainly on soil type, agricultural practices and pesticide properties. For low degree of preferential flow, pesticide leaching can be related to the sorption properties of pesticides. Nicosulfuron and mesotrione delays are more pronounced under conservation management while metaldehyde always arrived with no delay. During the high intensity rain event, on one soil type, high degree of preferential flow masked sorption effect on leaching since every pesticide arrived at the same time as the tracer and amounted to up to 21% of pesticide recovery compared to 4% on the other soil type. Conservation agriculture was found to improve the vertical transfers of water and pesticides while, on one of the studied soil type, the presence of a low conductive plough pan significantly limits water drainage.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sixtine Cueff) 22 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02935076v1
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[hal-03140879] Effect of multiple stresses, organic amendment and compaction, on the fate and impact of isoproturon in soil
Organic matter decline and compaction are two major processes of soil degradation. Organic amendment is a current practice to compensate the loss of organic matter, which could in addition contribute to increase soil aggregate stability and limit compaction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the effect of multiple physico-chemical stresses, organic amendment (compost of sewage sludge and green waste) addition and soil compaction, on the fate and impact (measured through the urease enzyme activity) of isoproturon. Compost addition and compaction did not significantly affect the fate and impact of isoproturon. The lack of effect of compost can be due to the delay between soil sampling and soil amendment. Compaction had no effect probably because the porosity reduction does not affect the habitable pore space accessible to degrading microorganisms. Nevertheless, isoproturon significantly increased the urease enzyme activity in compacted and not compacted unamended soils contrary to the amended ones. It seems that the organic amendment could act as a buffer with regards to the impact of isoproturon. The results obtained in this work suggest that, in general, the fate and impact of isoproturon in soils will not change following compaction and/or organic amendment addition, neither the corresponding risks for the environment.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laure Mamy) 14 Feb 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03140879v1
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[hal-03277856] Chimie théorique et étude du devenir de composés organiques dans l'environnement grâce à l'outil TyPol
Le nombre et la diversité des composés organiques (pesticides, hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques HAP, polychlorobiphényles PCB, médicaments...) susceptibles d’être pré-sents dans l’environnement étant très élevés, il est impossible de réaliser des expériences pour117caractériser pour chacun d’entre eux leur devenir et leurs impacts. Ainsi, des méthodes de pré-diction se développent depuis de nombreuses années et, parmi elles, des méthodes basées surl’hypothèse que la structure des molécules conditionne leurs propriétés physico-chimiques, etpar voie de conséquence leurs effets biologiques et leur comportement dans l’environnement.Dans le cadre du réseau d’animation scientifique «Ecodynamique des Micropolluants»du département AgroEnv et du réseau d’écotoxicologie d’INRAE, nous avons développé uneméthodologie basée sur une approche in silico avec le calcul des descripteurs moléculaires decomposés organiques, suivi de leur classification selon leurs comportements dans l’environnement. Ces classes sont construites à partir d’une analyse statistique des propriétés intrinsèquesdéduites des caractéristiques structurales des molécules et des propriétés comportementales.L’outil TyPolA développé pour ce classement permet comprendre et de prédire le comportementdes composés composés organiques dans l’environnement et leurs impacts écotoxicologiques.Soulignant l’intérêt d’utiliser des descripteurs moléculaires, propriétés intrinsèques des substances, et des relations de type QSAR pour ce genre d’approches, notre objectif est de classerles composés organiques non pas par familles chimiques, mais selon des propriétés directementliées aux processus d’intérêt environnemental : rétention irréversible, transformation biotiqueou abiotique, transfert vers l’air ou les eaux, bioaccumulation dans les organismes vivants ouencore impacts écotoxicologiques.Les domaines d’application de cet outil sont très divers. Ainsi par exemple, des développements de TyPol ont été réalisés pour suivre la filiation entre composé parent et produitsde transformation. Cette approche a été récemment utilisée pour explorer différentes voies dedégradation prédictive du chlordécone.C L’utilisation de ces descripteurs dans la classificationTyPol a permis de classer les produits de transformation potentiels du chlordécone dans desgroupes de comportements différents : selon leur dégradabilité et aussi leur aptitude à la rétention, mobilité et bioconcentration.Un autre développement concerne le calcul des descripteurs moléculaires quantiques(moment dipolaire, polarisabilité...) qui permettent d’approcher la réactivité des composés organiques. La méthode AM1 avait été choisie au démarrage du projet pour son coût en temps decalcul particulièrement bas. Aujourd'hui, la méthode doit allier précision et efficience calculatoire. Pour explorer de la façon la plus exhaustive possible la surface d’énergie potentielle, larecherche conformationnelle a été améliorée pour déterminer la conformation de plus basseénergie grâce à un calcul de dynamique moléculaire. Pour le calcul des propriétés, la comparaison de différentes méthodes (AM1, DFTB, DFT) est en cours sur 107 molécules.TyPol a aussi été utilisé pour sélectionner des pesticides représentant des comportementstype, dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche en chimie théorique en essayant d'identifier pourles processus environnementaux « Dissolution » et « Adsorption » un pesticide par groupes decomposés. Nous avons ainsi travaillé avec l'atrazine, la métamitrone et le fenhexamide en interaction avec la fraction minérale d’un sol modélisée par une argile.La démarche adoptée pour cette étude de l'interaction pesticide/argile est une démarcheprogressive. La complexité des systèmes étudiés va croissant. Pour commencer, le pesticideseul en phase gazeuse est étudié par une analyse conformationnelle détaillée. L'étude se poursuitpar l’exploration de la complexation de ce pesticide par un puis deux cations du type Na+ ouCa2+. Lorsque l'interaction pesticide/cation est mieux comprise, le pesticide est déposé sur uneCa-montmorillonite modèle. Le solvant eau est ajouté pour étudier la désorption du pesticidede la montmorillonite hydratée. A chaque étape, nous évaluons les changements ou constantesobservés après ajouts au modèle utilisé pour ces calculs théoriques : pesticide + cation + argile+ eau. Cette démarche permettra de mieux comprendre le rôle de chaque composante et desinteractions correspondantes dans le processus d’adsorption.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Fabienne Bessac) 05 Jul 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03277856v1
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[hal-02927955] AQUA/AGROENV/TERRA « Eau et Agriculture »
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pierre Benoit) 02 Sep 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02927955v1
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[hal-02521890] How effective are strategies to control the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment? A systematic review
Background: Antibiotic resistance is a major concern for public and environmental health. The role played by the environment in disseminating resistance is increasingly considered, as well as its capacity for mitigation. We reviewed the literature on strategies to control dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and mobile genetic elements (MGE) in the environment. Methods: This systematic review focused on three main strategies: (i) restriction of antibiotic use (S1), (ii) treatments of liquid/solid matrices (S2) and (iii) management of natural environment (S3). Articles were collected from seven scientific databases until July 2017 and from Web of Science until June 2018. Only studies reporting measurements of ARB, ARG or MGE in environmental samples were included. An evidence map was drawn from metadata extracted from all studies eligible for S1, S2 and S3. Subsets of studies were assessed for internal and external validity to perform narrative and quantitative syntheses. A meta-analysis was carried out to assess the effects of organic waste treatments (random-effect models). Review findings: Nine hundred and thirty-one articles representing 1316 individual studies (n) were eligible for S1 (n = 59), S2 (n = 781) and S3 (n = 476) strategies, respectively. Effects of interventions to control the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment were primarily studied in strategy S2. A partial efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to reduce antibiotic resistance in treated effluent was reported in 118 high validity studies. In spite of the heterogeneity in published results, the meta-analysis showed that composting and drying were efficient treatments to reduce the relative abundance of ARG and MGE in organic waste, by 84% [65%; 93%] and 98% [80%; 100%], respectively. The effect of anaerobic digestion was not statistically significant (51% reduction [− 2%; 77%]) when organic waste treatments were compared together in the same model. Studies in strategies S1 and S3 mainly assessed the effects of exposure to sources of contamination. For instance, 28 medium/high validity studies showed an increase of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments at the WWTP discharge point. Some of these studies also showed a decrease of resistance as the distance from the WWTP increases, related to a natural resilience capacity of aquatic environments. Concerning wildlife, nine medium/high validity studies showed that animals exposed to anthropogenic activities carried more ARB. Conclusions and implications : Knowledge gaps were identified for the relationship between restriction of antibiotic use and variation of antibiotic resistance in the environment, as well as on possible interventions in situ in natural environment. Organic waste treatments with thermophilic phase (> 50 °C) should be implemented before the use/release of organic waste in the environment. More investigation should be conducted with the datasets available in this review to determine the treatment efficiency on ARG carried by specific bacterial communities.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anais Goulas) 27 Mar 2020
https://hal.science/hal-02521890v1
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[hal-03326138] Approche in silico pour analyser et prédire la transformation de contaminants organiques émergents dans l’environnement. 1 : Liste des produits de transformation
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kévin Bonnot) 25 Aug 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03326138v1
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[hal-03326127] Approche in silico pour analyser et prédire la transformation de contaminants organiques émergents dans l’environnement
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kévin Bonnot) 25 Aug 2021
https://hal.science/hal-03326127v1
